ABDOMINAL HERNIA: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, DIAGNOSIS AND CURRENT THERAPEUTICAL STRATEGIES

Abstract

Abdominal hernias are a common clinical condition characterized by the protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the abdominal wall. This medical article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of abdominal hernias, focusing on the latest scientific evidence and clinical guidelines. The epidemiology of abdominal hernias varies according to type, location, and associated risk factors. Inguinal hernias are the most common, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases, followed by incisional, umbilical, and femoral hernias. Factors such as age, male sex, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, and family history increase the risk of developing an abdominal hernia. The etiology of abdominal hernias is multifactorial, involving both congenital and acquired factors. Abdominal wall weakness can be caused by developmental defects, aging, traumatic injuries, previous surgeries, or medical conditions such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Increased intra-abdominal pressure resulting from chronic coughing, constipation, intense physical exertion, or pregnancy also contributes to the development of hernias. The diagnosis of abdominal hernias is usually clinical, based on physical examination and patient history. Palpation of a mass or bulge in the abdominal region, which becomes more evident during exertion or the Valsalva maneuver, is a common finding. In doubtful cases or to assess complications, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be used. Treatment of abdominal hernias is primarily surgical, aimed at restoring the integrity of the abdominal wall and preventing complications such as incarceration, strangulation, or intestinal obstruction. Surgical options include herniorrhaphy, which consists of primary closure of the hernia defect, and hernioplasty, which uses a synthetic mesh to reinforce the weakened area. Surgical techniques can be performed openly or laparoscopically, depending on the type and size of the hernia, the surgeon's experience, and the patient's preferences.