NEUROMODULAÇÃO NÃO INVASIVA (TMS E TDCS) NO TRATAMENTO DE DOENÇAS NEUROLÓGICAS: EVIDÊNCIAS CLÍNICAS, MECANISMOS NEUROBIOLÓGICOS E PERSPECTIVAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63330/aurumpub.034-017Palavras-chave:
Biomarcadores, Estimulação magnética transcraniana, Medicina personalizada, Neuromodulação, Plasticidade neuralResumo
A neuromodulação não invasiva, especialmente por meio da estimulação magnética transcraniana (TMS) e da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (tDCS), tem se consolidado como estratégia terapêutica promissora no manejo de condições neurológicas e neuropsiquiátricas entre 2021 e 2025. Esta revisão analisou evidências clínicas recentes, mecanismos neurobiológicos subjacentes e avanços relacionados à medicina personalizada. Os achados indicam que os efeitos terapêuticos variam conforme a condição clínica, o estágio da doença e o perfil neurobiológico do paciente, sendo mais robustos em fases iniciais e quando associados a intervenções reabilitacionais. Do ponto de vista mecanístico, a neuromodulação atua na regulação da excitabilidade cortical, na reorganização de redes neurais e na modulação de processos sinápticos mediados por fatores neurotróficos, contribuindo para a plasticidade neural adaptativa. Contudo, a heterogeneidade de resposta permanece um desafio, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias individualizadas. Nesse contexto, biomarcadores neurofisiológicos, moleculares e de neuroimagem emergem como ferramentas relevantes para predição de resposta e otimização de protocolos. Perspectivas futuras incluem o uso de neuronavegação guiada por neuroimagem, protocolos adaptativos e integração com inteligência artificial, ampliando a precisão terapêutica. Assim, a incorporação de princípios da medicina personalizada representa etapa fundamental para consolidar a neuromodulação como intervenção baseada em evidências e orientada por biomarcadores na prática clínica contemporânea.
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