SUPER EL NIÑO AND THE INTENSIFICATION OF EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL: ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Abstract

This chapter aims to analyze the relationship between Super El Niño and the intensification of extreme climate events in Northeastern Brazil, highlighting their environmental, social, and economic impacts. The methodology adopted was based on qualitative and exploratory bibliographic research using scientific studies by authors such as Carlos Nobre, José Marengo, Francisco Eliseu Aquino, and reports from national and international climate monitoring organizations. Recent studies on climate change, atmospheric variability, and the effects of the El Niño phenomenon on Northeastern Brazil were examined. The results indicate that Super El Niño episodes are associated with an increase in the frequency and intensity of prolonged droughts, heat waves, irregular rainfall patterns, and desertification processes, directly affecting water availability, agriculture, food security, and the socioeconomic conditions of vulnerable populations. It was also observed that the impacts affect social groups unevenly, increasing historical vulnerabilities and environmental management challenges. It is concluded that the implementation of public policies focused on climate adaptation, territorial planning, and strengthening social resilience is essential to mitigate the effects of extreme events in Northeastern Brazil.