RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION IN BRAZIL: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN RURAL AREAS

Abstract

This study analyzes the socio-spatial transformations resulting from rural exodus, focusing on the determining factors for the permanence or exclusion of the population in the countryside. Through a literature and documentary review of national and international research, it examines the transition of selective agricultural modernization and the drivers of rural push and urban pull factors. The results indicate that, in addition to urban overcrowding, rural areas face demographic depletion, aging, and masculinization of the workforce, threatening generational succession in family farming. The emergence of a "new rurality" is evident, where technology and pluriactivity reconfigure the territory. However, young people's decision to remain on the land transcends economic factors, being deeply linked to socio-affective, cultural aspects, and a sense of belonging. The study concludes that countering rural depopulation and ensuring food security require integrated and multifaceted public policies capable of combining digital connectivity, infrastructure, credit, and education tailored to the rural reality.