ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN: CHALLENGES IN PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND CARE IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Abstract

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among children under five years of age, and constitute a major challenge for Primary Health Care (PHC) services. This chapter aimed to discuss the principal challenges related to the prevention, early diagnosis, and comprehensive care of acute respiratory infections in childhood, emphasizing the strategic role of PHC in reducing complications and preventable hospitalizations. The methodology consisted of a narrative literature review based on scientific articles published in recent years, as well as national and international technical documents and guidelines concerning the clinical management of pediatric ARIs. The findings showed that factors such as insufficient vaccination coverage, exposure to environmental pollution and secondhand smoke, socioeconomic inequalities, malnutrition, and barriers to accessing health services contribute to the high incidence of these diseases. The review also found that health care team training, the use of clinical protocols, monitoring for signs of severity, and health education directed toward families support timely diagnosis, the early initiation of therapeutic measures, and reductions in childhood morbidity and mortality. It is concluded that strengthening Primary Health Care, together with preventive measures, epidemiological surveillance, and child- and family-centered care, is an essential strategy for improving clinical outcomes and promoting greater equity in child health care.