OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY EXPLOITATION IN BRAZIL: AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF WIND AND PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN THE ENERGY TRANSITION

Abstract

Brazil has exceptional conditions for the development of renewable energies, particularly wind and photovoltaic solar, which are consolidating as fundamental pillars of the national energy transition. This article analyzes the strategic potential of these sources in the Brazilian energy matrix, examining their technical characteristics, regulatory evolution, development opportunities, and main challenges. The country holds approximately 500 GW of wind potential and solar irradiation levels between 1,500 and 2,300 kWh/m²/year, higher than those observed in leading European countries. The seasonal complementarity between wind and hydroelectric generation constitutes a unique competitive advantage, allowing preservation of water reservoirs during critical periods and optimizing the operation of the national electrical system. Despite significant advances, with substantial cost reduction and accelerated expansion of installed capacity, challenges persist related to transmission infrastructure, intermittency, energy storage, socio-environmental aspects, and the need for adequate financing. The study also highlights opportunities in emerging technologies such as offshore wind, agrivoltaic systems, integration with electric mobility, and development of the national production chain, fundamental for building a sustainable, resilient, and competitive energy system.