NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND THEIR INTERFACES WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Abstract

Neurodevelopmental disorders constitute a group of early-onset conditions, generally manifesting during childhood development, characterized by impairments in cognitive, behavioral, social, academic, and adaptive domains. Among these conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stands out due to its high prevalence, significant functional impact, and frequent association with other neurodevelopmental disorders. ADHD is marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with repercussions in multiple contexts, including school, family, occupational, and social environments. Its clinical relevance goes beyond the isolated manifestation of core symptoms, as learning disabilities, developmental coordination disorders, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, and sleep disorders frequently coexist. This article aims to review the main conceptual, clinical, and functional aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasizing their interfaces with ADHD, the neurobiological mechanisms involved, the main comorbidities, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications. An integrated understanding of these conditions is fundamental for early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and reduction of impairments throughout life.