OBESITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME

Abstract

Obesity is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, which compromises health and is associated with several metabolic disorders. It is a growing problem on a global scale, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality, especially due to its close relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS). MS is defined by the simultaneous presence of multiple metabolic risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, which substantially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue, plays a central role in the pathophysiology of MS. Visceral obesity promotes the increased release of free fatty acids and pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which trigger a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. This inflammatory process contributes to insulin resistance, one of the key mechanisms in the genesis of MS, which compromises glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and liver, favoring hyperglycemia and metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals results in an inability to store fat adequately, leading to ectopic lipid accumulation in non-adipose organs such as the liver and muscles, which further aggravates insulin resistance and an unfavorable metabolic profile. Metabolic syndrome (MS), in turn, is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke, and heart failure. The management of obesity and MS requires an integrated approach involving lifestyle changes such as a balanced diet and regular physical activity, as well as the use of pharmacological therapies when indicated and, in selected cases, bariatric surgery. Early prevention and adequate control of these factors are essential to reduce the incidence of metabolic and cardiovascular complications, improving the quality and life expectancy of patients. Therefore, understanding the interrelationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome is fundamental for the development of effective clinical strategies to address these conditions.