ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION IN THE PARNAÍBA RIVER BASIN IN THE SOUTH OF THE STATE OF PIAUÍ

Abstract

Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed predominantly of methane, along with small amounts of other light hydrocarbons, and is considered an important energy source for various sectors of the global economy. Over the past decades, its use has increased significantly due to its high energy efficiency and lower atmospheric emissions compared with other fossil fuels, such as coal and fuel oil. However, its exploration and production may cause significant environmental impacts, particularly in ecologically sensitive regions. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the main environmental impacts resulting from natural gas exploration in the Parnaíba River Basin, located in the southern region of the state of Piauí, Brazil, with emphasis on effects related to water resources, vegetation, wildlife, soil, and local communities. The methodology consisted of a qualitative bibliographic review based on the analysis of books, scientific articles, dissertations, theses, environmental legislation, and technical documents available in national and international databases. In addition to providing a historical overview, the study addressed the geological origin of natural gas, its chemical composition, its economic importance, and the political factors associated with the expansion of this energy source in Brazil. The findings indicate that, although natural gas is often regarded as a transitional fuel toward a lower-carbon economy, its exploration may result in significant environmental changes, including vegetation removal, habitat fragmentation, potential contamination of surface and groundwater resources, atmospheric emissions, waste generation, and adverse effects on local biodiversity. On the other hand, this activity also provides important economic benefits, such as job creation, increased tax revenues, strengthened regional infrastructure, and expanded energy supply. It is concluded that natural gas exploration in the Parnaíba River Basin should be conducted in strict compliance with environmental regulations, supported by continuous environmental monitoring and the adoption of sustainable practices capable of reconciling economic development with the conservation of natural resources and the improvement of the quality of life of the affected populations.