BACTERIAL AND VIRAL MENINGITIS: CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC UPDATES IN LIGHT OF NEW SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

Abstract

Bacterial and viral meningitis remain among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases of the central nervous system, requiring continuous updates in clinical and therapeutic protocols in light of emerging scientific evidence. This chapter aims to analyze recent advances related to diagnosis, clinical management, and treatment of bacterial and viral meningitis, highlighting contemporary challenges for healthcare practice and public health. This is a narrative review based on the analysis of scientific articles, clinical guidelines, and national and international institutional documents addressing the topic. The findings demonstrate that the incorporation of more sensitive diagnostic methods, including molecular testing and advanced laboratory techniques, has improved the speed of etiological identification and therapeutic decision-making. Early recognition of clinical signs combined with timely treatment initiation remains a determining factor in reducing complications and mortality. It is concluded that integrating diagnostic advances, evidence-based therapeutics, and strengthened health surveillance is essential to improving clinical outcomes in patients with meningitis.