STATE, MULTIPOLARITY AND THE CRISIS OF THE GLOBAL ORDER: MULTIPOLARITY, IMPERIALISM AND DEPENDENCE IN THE MARXIST TRADITION

Abstract

This article presents a dense, exhaustive, and structured analysis of the historical transformations of the concept of the State and the contemporary transition from a unipolar international order to a complex multipolar dynamic. The methodological framework is anchored in historical-dialectical materialism, starting from Karl Marx's seminal critique of the bourgeois State and advancing to Gramsci's conceptualization of the Expanded State and hegemony. Faced with the structural obsolescence of liberal multilateralism and the operational paralysis of the United Nations (UN), the role of international institutions as superstructural instances for preserving the privileges of central powers is investigated. The research mobilizes the contributions of Vladimir Lenin and Samir Amin regarding monopoly imperialism and the 'collective imperialism of the triad', highlighting the five monopolies that perpetuate the subjugation of the Global South. High-tech militarism is examined in light of Friedrich Engels' ontology of force, applying this categorical framework to the critical analysis of the conflicts in Ukraine and Palestine. To decipher the particularities of South American and Brazilian peripheral capitalism, this work draws on Ruy Mauro Marini's Marxist Dependency Theory, scrutinizing the categories of super-exploitation of labor and sub-imperialism, combined with Nelson Werneck Sodré's historical analysis of the Brazilian military establishment and Maria da Conceição Tavares's denunciation of the rentier capture of the State. Finally, the work projects emancipatory and resistance paths based on Milton Santos's 'other globalization' and José Carlos Mariátegui's sense of local connection, arguing that authentic multipolarity requires sovereign disconnection from the dictates of global capitalist accumulation.