OBESITY IN NEUTERED DOGS: ENDOCRINE-METABOLIC REPERCUSSIONS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS

Abstract

Obesity in neutered dogs represents a significant challenge in contemporary veterinary medicine and is recognized as a multifactorial condition associated with important endocrine and metabolic alterations. This systematic review aimed to analyze the hormonal and metabolic repercussions of obesity in dogs subjected to gonadectomy, as well as to identify the main associated risk factors. Evidence indicates that the reduction of sex hormones after neutering leads to decreased basal metabolic rate and alterations in appetite regulation, favoring a positive energy balance when nutritional adjustments are not properly implemented. Adipose tissue acts as an active endocrine organ, releasing adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. These changes may predispose affected animals to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, and osteoarticular impairment, negatively impacting quality of life. In addition to physiological mechanisms, environmental and behavioral factors play a crucial role, including sedentary lifestyle, excessive caloric intake, and the influence of the owner’s lifestyle, consistent with the “One Health” perspective. It is concluded that neutering should not be considered an isolated cause of obesity, but rather a predisposing factor that, when combined with inadequate management, increases metabolic risk. Continuous clinical monitoring, individualized nutritional guidance, and preventive strategies are essential in the post-neutering period.