EVOLUTION OF BACTERIAL RESISTANCE: MECHANISMS, CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROL PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

This thesis is about the evolution of bacterial resistance, one of the greatest challenges in contemporary public health. The work addresses how microorganisms develop mechanisms to survive the action of antibiotics, including genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, production of inactivating enzymes, efflux pumps, and alterations in the molecular targets of drugs. These processes make treatments less effective and hinder the control of common infections. The consequences of resistance are wide-ranging: increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and reduced therapeutic options. In addition, routine medical procedures such as surgeries and transplants become more risky due to the possibility of resistant infections. This thesis also discusses control perspectives, highlighting the importance of rational antibiotic use, epidemiological surveillance, and research for new drugs. Raising awareness among society about hygiene and the correct use of antibiotics, as well as among healthcare professionals on effective communication, is essential to reduce the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Thus, this work seeks to understand the mechanisms, impacts, and strategies to confront bacterial resistance, contributing to the preservation of antibiotic effectiveness and the strengthening of global health.