PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Abstract

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects the female reproductive organs, such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, or other infections. The etiology of PID involves the ascension of microorganisms from the lower to the upper genital tract, with bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis being the most common, in addition to Mycoplasma genitalium. Infection can occur after gynecological procedures such as IUD insertion, abortion, or childbirth. Several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing PID, including multiple sexual partners, a history of STDs, unprotected sex, early sexual initiation, and the use of vaginal douches, which alter the normal vaginal flora. IUD insertion, especially in the first 21 days, also poses a risk. Prevention of PID involves reducing these risk factors and adopting safe sex practices. This includes consistent condom use, regular STD testing, prompt treatment of any diagnosed STD, limiting the number of sexual partners, avoiding vaginal douching, and seeking education about the risks and prevention of PID, as well as informing partners about the importance of sexual health. Prevention and early treatment are crucial to avoid long-term complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy.