CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE ARTERIAL DISEASE: FROM DIAGNOSIS TO TREATMENT

Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Arterial Disease (COAD), a common vascular condition, is characterized by the progressive obstruction of arteries, particularly in the lower limbs, due to atherosclerosis. This obstruction reduces blood flow, resulting in symptoms such as intermittent claudication, pain at rest, and, in severe cases, critical ischemia with the risk of amputation. Early diagnosis is vital and includes clinical evaluation, ankle-brachial index (ABI), Doppler ultrasound, and, in certain cases, CT angiography or angiography. The ABI is a simple, non-invasive method for assessing the severity of COAD. Treatment for COAD aims to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, prevent disease progression, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Therapeutic strategies include lifestyle modification, including smoking cessation, regular exercise, weight control, and a healthy diet, as well as pharmacological treatment with antiplatelet agents (aspirin or clopidogrel) to reduce the risk of thrombosis, statins to control cholesterol, and, in some cases, vasodilators to alleviate symptoms. In cases of limiting claudication or critical ischemia, revascularization may be necessary, with options such as stent angioplasty or bypass surgery. PAD is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, making control of cardiovascular risk factors essential. A multidisciplinary approach, involving physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and other healthcare professionals, is essential for successful treatment, and patient adherence to medical recommendations is crucial to improving prognosis and quality of life.