PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND MENOPAUSE: INTERVENTIONS FOR SARCOPENIA, BONE HEALTH, AND METABOLISM

Abstract

Menopause is associated with significant physiological changes, including reduced muscle mass, declining bone mineral density, and alterations in energy metabolism. This chapter aims to analyze scientific evidence regarding the role of physical exercise as an intervention to mitigate sarcopenia, bone fragility, and metabolic dysfunctions in postmenopausal women. A narrative literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Scopus, considering classic and recent studies from authors such as Irwin (2008), Nelson et al. (2007), and Greendale et al. (2012). The results indicate that resistance training is one of the most effective strategies for increasing muscle mass and strength, while impact and aerobic exercises contribute to maintaining bone density and improving insulin sensitivity. Combined training programs showed superior outcomes compared to isolated protocols, especially when paired with nutritional guidance. In conclusion, regular and individualized physical exercise is a key intervention for comprehensive health in menopausal women, reducing the risk of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and metabolic disorders, and enhancing quality of life and functional independence.